Haplotype and nucleotide variation in the exon 3-VNTR of the DRD4 gene from indigenous and urban populations of Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the population structure of the 48-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), located in exon 3 of the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4), in 41 Tarahumara from northern Mexico, 20 Mixe from southern Mexico, and 169 people from Mexico City. METHODS: Genotypes for the DRD4-VNTR were determined, from which 15 Tarahumara, eight Mixe, and 37 urban homozygous individuals were sequenced. Repeat-allele frequencies were compared with other world populations. RESULTS: The DRD4-VNTR variation in Mexico City appeared similar to the world mean. For the Mixe and Maya, DRD4-VNTR diversity appeared closer to South American groups whereas the Tarahumara were similar to North American groups. People from Mexico City and the Mixe exhibited attributes of a large and admixed population and an isolated population, respectively. The Tarahumara showed endogamy associated with a substructure as suggested by a preliminary regional differentiation. For the DRD4-VNTR and/or the adjacent 5'-173 bp sequence, the three populations exhibited negative Tajima's D. Two new VNTR haplotypes were discovered: one in Mexico City and another among the Tarahumara. CONCLUSIONS: A differentiation in the DRD4-VNTR of global relevance occurs between northern and southern populations of Mexico suggesting that the Mexican Trans-volcanic Belt has been a major frontier for human dispersion in the Americas. Ancient trespass of this barrier appears thus related to a major change in the population structure of the DRD4-VNTR. Distinctive and independent patterns of DRD4-VNTR diversity occur among the two Mexican indigenous populations by a still undefined combination of drift and selection.

Correlation between function-morphology of effect of the stress and flunitrazepam administered during gestation in adult mouse ovary / Correlación entre la función y la morfología de los efectos de estrés y flunitrazepam administrado durante la gestación en ovario de ratón adulto

Previously we report long lasting effects on ovary of mice prenatally exposed to flunitrazepam (FNZ), a benzodiazepine with tranquilized action. In this work we find that the FNZ don't prevent the effects on ovary prenatally exposure to stress in mice. We studied adult females born from mothers that had been stressed by immobilization on day 6 ofgestation (GD-6) or group S, and from mothers stressed also by immobilization at GD-6, but which received a single oral dose of FNZ immediately after the stress group FNZS. The control groups were the SS that received the GD-6 saline solution and the group NT non-treated. Their ovaries were extracted for histology studies and to observe the activity of 3b hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3 b-HSD). The histological analysis revealed high staining affinity ovarian cell of S and FNZS. Double oocytes and apoptotic bodies were found in the secondary atretic follicles, as well as abnormal primordial, primary and secondary follicle populations, as compared to SS and NT groups. The primordial, primary, and secondary follicles were significantly reduced in the experimental groups. But the primary and secondary atretic follicles were higher in both groups, and the number of corpora lutea was lower in both groups. The activity of 3 b-HSD was abnormally increased in both FNZS- and S-groups. These findings suggest that FNZ did not counteract the impairing effects of prenatal stress on adult offspring ovarian follicles, and could rather be responsible for long lasting changes occurring during embryonic programming.

Previamente comprobamos efectos de larga duración sobre el ovario de ratones expuestos prenatalmente a flunitrazepam (FNZ), una benzodiazepina con acción tranquilizante. En este trabajo encontramos que el FNZ, no revierte los efectos producidos por la exposición prenatal a estrés. Estudiamos hembras adultas nacidas de madres que se estresaron por inmovilización el día 6 de la gestación (DG-6) o grupo S, y de madres estresadas también por inmovilización el DG-6, las que recibieron una sola dosis de FNZ inmediatamente después del estrés (grupo FNZS). Los grupos de control fueron el SS al que se le administró solución salina y el NT no tratado. Se extrajeron sus ovarios para su estudio histológico y para observar la actividad de delta 3b-deshidroxiesteroide dehidrogenasa/isomerasa (3 b-HSD). El análisis histológico reveló una gran afinidad tintoreal en los ovarios de los grupos S y FNZS. En los ovarios de los ratones del grupo FNZS se encontraron en los folículos secundarios atrésicos ovocitos dobles y cuerpos apoptóticos así como una población mayor de folículos anormales primordiales, primarios y secundarios en comparación con los grupos SS y NT. Los folículos primarios y secundarios tuvieron una reducción significativa en los grupos experimentales pero los folículos atrésicos primarios y secundarios fueron más en ambos grupos y el número de cuerpos lúteos fue menor en ambos grupos. La actividad de 3 b-HSD aumentó de manera anormal tanto en los grupos FNZ y S. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el FNZ no contrarresta los efectos negativos del estrés prenatal sobre los folículos ováricos de las crías adultas, y podría ser responsable de los cambios largo plazo que ocurren a durante la programación embrionaria.

Histological Changes of the Ovary of Adult Mice Exposed Prenatally to Flunitrazepam / Cambios Histológicos del Ovario de Ratones Adultos Expuestos Prenatalmente a Flunitrazepam

Flunitrazepam (FNZ) is a minor tranquillizer involving allosteric modulation of the GABA receptor complex. It is a ligand of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) that participates in cholesterol transport in steroidogenic organs. The purpose was to investigate whether a single oral dose of FNZ of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight (bw), administered on day 6 of gestation, alters the structure of the adult ovary of mouse offsprings at 2 months of age. The mouse offsprings of the in utero FNZ-treated group and those of the control group (C) were killed. Ovaries were obtained in early estrous, fixed in Zenker solution, and processed by routine histological techniques. Serial sections were observed under light microscopy to determine the characteristics and quantity of follicles in different stages of development and of the corpus luteum. The ovarian tissues from the FNZ group depicted a great staining affinity, enlarged nuclei with abundant heterochromatin clumps. The quantity of primordial, primary and secondary normal follicles in the FNZ group decreased significantly (p< 0.01). The number of primary atretic follicles increased (p<0.01) and the secondary ones remained constant as in group C. Histological changes and statistical data suggest that FNZ produces long-lasting epigenetic or genotoxic effects in follicular and corpus luteum cells of the ovary of prenatally FNZ-treated mice.

El flunitrazepam (FNZ) es un tranquilizante menor que actúa modulando el receptor GABA, es un ligando del receptor benzodiazepínico periférico (PBR), el cual participa en el transporte de colesterol en órganos esteroidogénicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar si una dosis oral de FNZ (2.5mg/kg de peso) administrada en el sexto día de gestación, altera la estructura del ovario en crías de ratón adultos. Las crías del grupo FNZ tratadas in utero con la benzodiazepina, así como el grupo control, fueron sacrificadas. Los ovarios se extrajeron en estro temprano, se fijaron en líquido de Zenker y procesaron con las técnicas habituales de histología. Los cortes seriados fueron analizados mediante microscopia óptica, los folículos fueron identificados y contados de acuerdo a los diferentes estadios del desarrollo, así como las células del cuerpo lúteo. El tejido ovárico en el grupo de FNZ presentó una gran afinidad tintórea, núcleos grandes y con abundantes cúmulos de heterocromatina. El número de folículos primordiales, primarios y secundarios en el grupo FNZ disminuyó (p<0.01). Contrario al número de folículos atrésicos que aumentaron (p<0.01), a excepción de los folículos atrésicos secundarios que no fueron diferentes a los controles. Las alteraciones histológicas y los datos estadísticos sugieren que el FNZ produce un efecto epigenético o genotóxico de largo plazo tanto en los folículos como en las células del cuerpo lúteo, de ratones tratados prenatalmente con el fármaco.

[DRD4 polymorphism and the association with mental disorders]. / El gen receptor a dopamina D4 y su asociación con los trastornos mentales.

The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is the most important gene in psychiatric genetics since its involvement in the physiology of behavior, pharmacology response and psychopathology. DRD4's sequence gene present some polymorphism such as in the exon 3 constituted from 2 to 10 copies of repetitive sequences of 48 base pair (bp), from class variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). An additional genetic variant in the exon 1 presents polymorphisms to 12 bp VNTR, and the variation -521 C by T of the promoter region. The -521 T allele can reduce the efficiency of the gene expression in comparison with the C allele. The DRD4 gene codes a protein transmembranal of 7 domains, distributed in front cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus. This review discusses the biological significance of DRD4 gene and its perspective with emphasis on the impact of association studies in some illness mental and behavioral traits. The DRD4 polymorphism has been studied in association with illnesses like schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive with tics, bipolar manic-depressive disorder, in addition behavioral traits such as novelty seeking. The DRD4 gene is a genetic marker that could play a role in etiology of different mental illness, and behavioral traits, and its polymorphism can be used in association studies, epigenetic and pharmacogenomic analysis for help to understand the genetics basis of both mental disorders and traits.

El gen receptor a dopamina D4 y su asociación con los trastornos mentales / DRD4 polymorphysm and the association with mental disorders

The dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is the most important gene in psychiatric genetics since its involvement in the physiology of behavior, pharmacology response and psychopathology. DRD4's sequence gene present some polymorphism such as in the exon 3 constituted from 2 to 10 copies of repetitive sequences of 48 base pair (bp), from class variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). An additional genetic variant in the exon 1 presents polymorphisms to 12 bp VNTR, and the variation -521 C by T of the promoter region. The -521 T alíele can reduce the efficiency of the gene expression in comparison with the C alíele. The DRD4 gene codes a protein transmembranal of 7 domains, distributed in front cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus. This review discusses the biological significance of DRD4 gene and its perspective with emphasis on the impact of association studies in some illness mental and behavioral traits. The DRD4 polymorphism has been studied in association with illnesses like schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive with tics, bipolar manic-depressive disorder, in addition behavioral traits such as novelty seeking. The DRD4 gene is a genetic marker that could play a role in etiology of different mental illness, and behavioral traits, and its polymorphism can be used in association studies, epigenetic and pharmacogenomic analysis for help to understand the genetics basis of both mental disorders and traits.

El gen receptor a dopamina D4 (DRD4) ha sido analizado por su estructura, su polimorfismo genético, su constitución proteínica, su distribución neuroanatómica y su respuesta farmacológica. La secuencia del gen DRD4 presenta varios polimorfismos, como del tipo número variable de repetidos en tándem (VNTR) en el exón 3, el VNTR de 12 pares de bases del exón 1 y el polimorfismo único de nucleótidos (SNP) de la región del promotor. El gen DRD4 codifica una proteína transmembranal de 7 dominios, que se distribuye en corteza frontal, en estriado, en hipotálamo y en el hipocampo. Esta revisión discute la importancia biológica del gen DRD4 y sus perspectivas ante nuevas áreas de investigación con énfasis en recientes estudios de asociación en diferentes enfermedades mentales y en comportamientos. El DRD4 es uno de los genes candidatos cuya variación polimórfica ha sido relacionada con algunos trastornos psiquiátricos como esquizofrenia, trastorno de déficit de atención e hiperactividad, obsesivo compulsivo con tics y trastorno por consumo de sustancias, así como con la característica de personalidad de búsqueda de la novedad. El gen DRD4 es un marcador genético y un modelo útil para estudios de asociación, epigenéticos y farmacogenómicos que buscan identificar el origen de trastornos psiquiátricos y comportamientos.